ADHD
ADHD in adults is a neurodevelopmental condition involving inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that began in childhood, defined per DSM-5-TR.
Symptoms
Difficulty sustaining attention, disorganization, forgetfulness, and trouble finishing tasks, and/or restlessness, impulsivity, and difficulty waiting -- five or more symptoms in adults, present in two or more settings, with symptom onset before age 12.
Causes and risk
ADHD is highly heritable (roughly 76%), involving dopaminergic and noradrenergic brain systems, per the Nature Reviews Disease Primers overview.
How it is evaluated
There is no confirmatory lab test or biomarker; diagnosis relies on clinical history, validated rating scales, and collateral information (from a partner, family member, or old school records) confirming childhood-onset symptoms.
Treatment
Stimulants are first-line and most effective; non-stimulants (atomoxetine, viloxazine, bupropion) are reserved for when stimulants aren't suitable, often combined with behavioral therapy, per AAFP clinical guidance.
When to seek care
New chest pain, palpitations, or fainting while on stimulant medication warrants urgent evaluation, since stimulants carry cardiovascular effects. Any new or worsening mood symptoms while on treatment should also be discussed with your prescriber promptly.